Neurofilaments are intermediate filaments that form the neuronal cytoskeleton together with microtubules. They act as structural space-fillers for axons and are also involved in axonal transport. . Because neurofilaments are released into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid when axons and neurons deteriorate, antibodies can also be used to observe the progression and state of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Huntington’s disease. Mutations in NEFH cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT2cc). In ALS, NEFH along with other neurofilaments forms neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in degenerating motor neurons. In immunohistochemistry, antibodies to NEFH highlight axons of neuronal cells in the central nervous system and in peripheral nerves, and may also show positivity in prostate glandular cells. References: Molecular Brain. 2018. 11:43, DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0386-3; Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2017 Jul 14;5(1):55, PMID: 28709447;